It also uses its interrupt input to indicate the order in which individual operations uses the CPU and regulates the amount of CPU time allotted to each operation. Internal Bus: Network of communication lines that connects the internal elements of the processor and also leads to external connectors that links the processor to the other element of the computer.
Arithmetic calculations like as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical operation like compare numbers, letters, or special characters. Read the code for the next instruction to be executed. Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction. Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory. Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register. If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete, instruct the hardware to perform the requested operation.
Registers : Stores the data that is to be executed next, "very fast storage area". Input unit consists of external devices-that is, components outside the computers CPU. It provides or fetches information and instructions to the computer.
Light pen: This is a stylus with a light sensitive tip that is used to draw directly on a computers video screen or to select information on the screen by pressing a clip in the light pen or by pressing the light pen against the surface of the screen. The pen contains light sensors that identify which portion of the screen it is passed over.
It is mostly used with Laptop. Mouse: This is a pointing device designed to be gripped by one hand. It has a detection device usually a ball on the bottom that enables the user to control the motion of an on-screen pointer, or cursor, by moving the mouse on a flat surface.
As the device moves across the surface, the cursor moves across the screen. To select items or choose commands on the screen, the user presses a button on the mouse. Joystick: It is a pointing device composed of a lever that moves in multiple directions to navigate a cursor or other graphical object on a computer screen. Keyboard: Keyboard is typewriter-like devices that allows the user to type in text, numeric and execute commands with the aid of the functional keys on the keyboard.
Optical Scanner: This is light-sensing equipment that converts images such as a picture or text into electronic signals that can be manipulated by a computer. For example, a photograph can be scanned. Output devices consists of hardware that transfer information from the computers CPU to the computer user. This includes the monitor, Printer, plotters, or speaker. Video Graphic Adapter: This is a device that converts information generated by the computer into visual information called Monitor.
It looks similar to a television set. Information from the CPU is displayed on the screen of the monitor. Printers: Information and graphics processed or produced with the aid of computer are printed out as hardcopy with the aid of printer. The two main types of storage devices are disk drives and memory.
There are several types of disk drives: hard disk drive, floppy disk, magneto-optical, and compact disk. Hard disk drives store information in magnetic particles embedded in a disk. Usually a permanent part of the computer, hard disk drives can store large amounts of information and retrieve that information very quickly.
The disks are of different sizes such as 1G, 10G, 40G, etc. Floppy disk drives also store information in magnetic particles embedded in removable disks. Floppy disks store less information than a hard disk drive and retrieve the information at a much slower rate.
Magneto-optical disc drives store information on removable discs that are sensitive to both laser light and magnetic fields. They can typically store as much information as hard disks, but they have slightly slower retrieval speeds. CD-ROMs can store about as much information as a hard drive but have a slower rate of information retrieval. Memory Cards work as flash drive but with an additional device called the card reader.
This is very effective and more durable than the flash drives. Some devices serve more than one purpose. For example, floppy disks may also be used as input devices if they contain information to be used and processed by the computer user. In addition, they can be used as output devices if the user wants to store the results of computations on them. Memory refers to the computer chips that store information for quick retrieval by the CPU. Random Access Memory RAM is used to store information and instructions that operate the computers programs.
Typically, programs are transferred from storage on a disk drive to RAM. RAM is also known as volatile memory because the information within the computer chips is lost when power to the computer is turned off or the computer hanged. Read-Only Memory ROM contains critical information and software that must be permanently available for computer operation, such as the operating system that directs the computers actions from start up to shut down.
ROM is called non-volatile memory because the memory chips do not lose their information when power to the computer is turned off. Open navigation menu. Close suggestions Search Search. User Settings. Skip carousel. Carousel Previous. Carousel Next. What is Scribd? Explore Ebooks. Bestsellers Editors' Picks All Ebooks. Explore Audiobooks. Bestsellers Editors' Picks All audiobooks.
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Related titles. Carousel Previous Carousel Next. Jump to Page. Search inside document. First Generation - Vacuum Tubes The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. Second Generation - Transistors Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. Third Generation - Integrated Circuits The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Fourth Generation - Present: Microprocessors The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were Computer built onto a single silicon chip.
Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. Strictly speaking, computer is made up of five district elements to include: 1. It consists of ALU and CU, and a single chip or series of chips that performs arithmetic and logical calculations Most CPU chips are composed of four functional sections: 1.
Logical operation like compare numbers, letters, or special characters 2. Control Unit CU : controls and co-ordinates computer components. Igloo Jain. Ranjith Kumar. Asif Hanif. MaryTherese Villanueva. Ifrah Anum. Spare Man. Faisal Ghanchi. Hydie Cruz. Leorick Miciano. The higher the pixel count, the higher the "resolution. Common resolution settings are x , x , x , x , etc.
Mother board The mainboard I which is sometimes called a motherboard. This is usually the largest circuit-board in the computer, and every other component in the computer connects to it.
The CPU is the brain of the system. It executes all the program code from the operating system and the applications the user runs and processing of data. It sends CPU commands to direct the actions of all the other components in the computer.
If the computer loses power, anything stored in RAM is lost. The most common type of storage device, which nearly all computers have, is a hard drive. Mouse Mouse is a pointer device.
The mouse allows an individual to control a pointer in a graphical user interface GUI. Utilizing a mouse a user has the ability to perform various functions such as opening a program or file and does not require the user to memorize commands. Digital camera A type of camera that stores the pictures or video it takes in electronic format instead of to film.
Web Cam A camera connected to a computer that allows anyone connected to the Internet to view still pictures or motion video of a user. Joystick A computer joystick allows an individual to easily navigate an object in a game such as navigating a plane in a flight simulator.
Keyboard One of the main input devices used on a computer, a computer keyboard looks very similar to the keyboards of electric typewriters, with some additional keys. Microphone Sometimes abbreviated as mic, a microphone is a hardware peripheral that allows computer users to input audio into their computers.
Below are some examples of different types of output devices commonly found on a computer. Monitor A monitor is a video display screen.
They are light, compact, take up They are heavy, bulky, take up a lot of desk very little desk space emit no known radiation. Printer A printer is an output device responsible for taking computer data and generating a hard copy of that data. Speakers Projector. Related Papers. By Abrahm Otl. Fundamental of computer by NCTI institute.
Computer -Overview. By Erum Fida. Computer fundamentals.
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